Gerunds Explained English grammar has no shortage of concepts and terminology. One of the trickier concepts involves gerunds. While gerunds are fairly easy to identify because they all end in -ing, they aren't always so easy to use correctly.
Be sure to supplement the following activities and games with a quick refresher on how gerunds are used by writing the following information on the blackboard and leading a class discussion about it. Even though all gerunds end in ing, they are used as nouns, not present participles.
Gerunds can be subjects of a verb or objects of a preposition. For example:.
Ever since visiting her grandmother, Sally has loved to garden. (In this sentence 'visiting' is a gerund because it is the subject of the verb 'has loved.'
). Sally likes visiting her grandmother more than gardening on her own. (In this sentence 'visiting' is a gerund because it is the object of the verb 'likes.' . Gerunds can be identified by locating a verb with an -ing ending that is used as a noun. The above explanation of gerunds is brief, so it may be helpful to teach your students a full lesson on gerunds before using the following activities and games.
Gerund Journey In this game, students will try to use the same gerund in a variety of sentences. To begin, divide the blackboard into three sections.
At the top of the first column, write the word 'playing.' Write 'reading' at the top of the second column and 'eating' at the top of the third column.
Divide the class into three teams and assign one column to each team. Instruct the teams to write as many sentences as possible using their assigned gerund. After a few minutes, ask for a representative from each team to write his or her team's sentences on the board under the appropriate column. Check the sentences for accurate gerund use and allow teams to challenge other teams they think used gerunds incorrectly.
You can award a prize to the team that wrote the most sentences demonstrating proper gerund use. Also, you can reuse this game as often as you'd like by simply changing the gerunds you assign to each team. Alternatively, you can assign gerunds to students individually and challenge each student to create as many sentences as possible that demonstrate proper gerund use. Gerunds In Use Learning how to quickly identify gerunds can be a great way to reinforce classroom learning.
For this game, every student will need a copy of the same text, such as a fiction book. Instruct students to put their books on their desks and to keep the books closed. Call out a page number. Students should turn to that page and try to locate a gerund as quickly as possible. As soon as a student locates a gerund, he or she should stand up. Ask the first student who stands to give the location of the gerund he or she found and to read the sentence in which the gerund is located. If the student is correct, award him or her one point.
Repeat the process by calling out a different page number. Do this as many times as you'd like. At the end of the game, reward the student or students who accumulated the most points. During the game you may want to write down the sentences students identify on the blackboard.
This will give you a great list of gerund examples to review at the end of the lesson. Additionally, you can make this a group game by putting students into teams and repeating the steps above. Gerund Quiz Roundabout This activity will test your learners' understanding of gerunds by having them write gerund based quizzes for each other. Have each student take out paper and number the paper from one to five. Tell students to write five sentences: some that contain gerunds and some that do not.
When the sentences are complete, collect the papers and randomly redistribute them. Each student should mark a 'yes' or 'no' next to each sentence to indicate whether or not it contains a gerund. Students should return the quizzes to the original author. The original quiz writer should check his or her classmate's answers. Ask for volunteers to share answers they believe to be incorrect and have a class discussion to determine correct answers. Have advanced learners write more than five sentences.
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Gerund and Infinitive: What’s the Difference? Knowing the difference between gerund and infinitive can save you from making costly grammar mistakes when writing. In a nutshell, a word formed from a verb acting as a noun and ending in ing is a gerund. Infinitive phrases – normally referred to as infinitives – are formed with the word to in front of a verb. Both gerunds and infinitives can be subjects in sentences, and both gerunds and infinitives can serve as the object of a verb. Now that you know how these two elements can work in similar ways, it’s time to note an important difference in the gerund/infinitive equation: A gerund can be the object of a preposition; an infinitive cannot.
Gerund & Infinitive Examples Examples of gerunds Gerunds are formed with the letters “ing”. For example:. Thinking.
Acting. Walking. Talking. Fishing. Caring.
Writing. Listening Examples of infinitives Infinitives are prefaced with the word “to”. For example:. To think. To act. To walk.
To talk. To fish. To care.
To write. To listen Both Gerunds and Infinitives can act as the subject of a sentence: Thinking is something that comes naturally. To think is something that comes naturally. You can use a gerund or an infinitive as the object of a verb: I like fishing. I like to fish.
Only a gerund can be the object of a preposition. An infinitive cannot: We are thinking about walking in the woods. Gerund & Infinitive Usage At first glance, it may seem difficult to know when to use an infinitive and when to use a gerund. You will find the following guidelines for gerund/infinitive usage helpful. Gerunds Gerunds are best for use in sentences about actions that are real or complete, or that have been completed. I stopped worrying about the future. In this example, the worrying was real and it happened until I stopped.
We really enjoy climbing mountains. In this example, the climbing is real and it’s something we like to do.
Infinitives Infinitives are best for use in sentences about actions that are unreal or abstract, or that will occur in the future. I’d like you to think about something. In this example, I’m asking you to think about something, but the thinking hasn’t happened yet.
Can we take a walk without you stopping to smoke? In this example, we’re talking about taking a walk and the smoking hasn’t happened yet.
When I introduce a gerunds and infinitives activity in class, I’m usually faced with looks of quiet desperation or grim determination. Most students find the endless list of verbs to memorize daunting, to say the least! Also, most textbooks don’t cover the fact that there ARE a few helpful rules for deciding whether to use a gerund or an infinitive in a sentence. The next time you’re doing gerunds and infinitives in class, try teaching the rules below—your students will thank you! The Basics Gerund: VERB + -ING ( eating, going, studying) Infinitive: TO + BASE VERB ( to eat, to go, to study) A gerund is the present participle ( -ing) form of the verb.
An infinitive is to + the base verb (the verb with no ending). Both gerunds and infinitives are action words (i.e., verbs) in meaning, but they act like nouns in the sentence. They always take a noun position: a subject or an object of the main verb.
A gerund or infinitive is never the main verb (e.g., I hiking and I to study are incorrect). Skiing is fun. I like hiking. I need to study.
Even when the gerund or infinitive is the object of a sentence, it is common for a second object follow the gerund or infinitive because of their “verb” meaning. I enjoy watching movies.
I don’t want to study English. I asked my friend to help me. Three Gerund Rules 1. Subject = Gerund When you need an action as a subject, use a gerund. Infinitives are possible, but they are very formal and not very common in this position. Reading is my favorite hobby. Learning English has improved my confidence.
Preposition + Gerund After a preposition, use a gerund. This is true for prepositions that are part of phrasal verbs, too. I thought about calling my grandma, but I was too tired.
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Are you planning on going to the party? (See the Notes section below to find out why planning is not a gerund.) 3.
Verb + Gerund A gerund or an infinitive can be used after a main verb. It depends on the verb, and there isn’t an easy rule for this case. Memorizing the most common verbs that take a gerund, such as advise, avoid, enjoy, finish, practice, quit, and suggest, is helpful. My teacher advised studying for the quiz. They enjoy making crafts in class.Don’t forget that some verbs take either a gerund or an infinitive with no change in meaning! Some common verbs include like, love, and hate. She likes watching movies.
She likes to watch movies. Three Infinitive Rules 1. Adjective + Infinitive After an adjective, it is common to use an infinitive verb. A gerund is possible in some cases, but an infinitive is usually the better choice. It is fun to play video games on the weekend. It was helpful to learn these grammar rules. Noun + Infinitive If the main verb has an object that is a noun or a pronoun, it is almost always followed by an infinitive verb instead of a gerund.
Did you want me to call you?. The students asked their teacher to help them.Note: This rules is very helpful, because it is stronger than the “verb + gerund” rule.
For example, the verb advise normally takes a gerund ( She advised studying for the test), but a noun/pronoun object will override this rule ( She advised her students to study for the test). Verb + Infinitive A gerund or an infinitive can be used after a main verb. It depends on the verb, and there isn’t an easy rule for this case. Memorizing the most common verbs that take a infinitive, such as ask, choose, decide, get, need, plan, promise, and want, is helpful.
He wants to learn Japanese. We need to clean up this mess.Try typing in “gerunds and infinitives verb list” into a search engine to see lists of common verbs that take a gerund or an infinitive. Notes Students often get confused by the other functions of -ing words in English. It’s worth pointing out that Be + -ing verb can also be a progressive verb form, and that -ing adjectives are possible after the Be verb or before a noun.
I am studying for my test. ( present progressive verb; not a gerund).
That game was exciting. ( adjective; not a gerund). That was an exciting game. ( adjective; not a gerund) Practice Try our lesson in the section of our! Students can see gerunds and infinitives in context and practice through a variety of tasks, including a short reading, discussion questions, a writing activity, and two grammar exercises.
Find someone who ESL EFL Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking Activity - Elementary - 30 Minutes In this engaging worksheet activity, students practice asking and answering questions with gerunds and infinitives. This is a good activity to use when introducing gerunds and infinitives for the first time. Each student is given a copy of the worksheet. Students go through the items on the worksheet and form the questions they need to ask in order to do the activity, e.g. Samurai shodown v characters.
'Do you love watching horror films?' The students then move around the classroom asking questions and completing their worksheets with yes answers. When a classmate answers 'yes' to a question, the student writes their name in the 'Name' column on the worksheet and asks a follow-up question to gain more information, e.g. 'Why do you love watching horror films?' When everyone has finished, the students use gerunds and infinitives to give feedback to the class on what they found out about their classmates. Exclusive What do you like doing? ESL EFL Listening and Speaking Activity - Elementary - 20 Minutes In this engaging worksheet activity, students use gerunds to talk about what they like doing at certain times.
Each student is given a copy of the worksheet. The students read through the worksheet and tick the option in each category that best describes what they like doing. Students can add their own answer if they wish using a gerund. Students then ask questions to their classmates to find a student who has the same interest as them in each category, e.g. 'What do you like doing in the morning?' When a student finds someone who likes doing the same thing, they write each other's name down in the space provided and move on to speak to another student. When everyone has finished, the students tell the class about their findings.
Exclusive Discussion Time ESL EFL Reading and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 30 Minutes In this group speaking activity, students practice gerunds and infinitives with 'to' by discussing various topics. The class is divided into groups of three or four and each group is given a set of topic cards. Students take it in turns to pick up a card and start the discussion. The students then discuss the topic on the card using gerunds and infinitives.
Students are encouraged to ask for and give as much information as possible about each topic. Afterwards, there is a class feedback session to find out about some of the things the students discussed. Exclusive Gerunds as a Subject ESL EFL Matching, Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 25 Minutes In this fun pairwork activity, students play a game where they race to complete a crossword by making sentences with gerunds as the subject. The students are divided into pairs.
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One student is given a copy of the crossword and the other student is given a copy of the clues. The student with the crossword chooses a verb from the box and tells their partner the verb. Their partner looks at the clues and finds the sentence that needs that verb as a gerund.
The student then reads the completed sentence aloud with the gerund as the subject. The other student listens to the sentence and says whether they think the sentence is correct or not. If both students agree it's correct, the student with the clues writes the gerund in the sentence and says the clue number to their partner, e.g. 'This is the clue for one down'. The other student then writes the gerund in the crossword. The first pair of students to complete the crossword wins the game.
Exclusive Gerund or Infinitive Card Game ESL EFL Matching and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 25 Minutes Here is an enjoyable card game activity to help students practice gerunds and infinitives. In the game, students create sentences with words and phrases that are followed by a gerund or infinitive (with or without 'to'). The class is divided into groups of three. Each group is given a set of cards A and B. Each player receives six cards, three from each set. The left over cards are placed face down in two piles. The players take it in turns to make sentences with gerunds or infinitives by combining a set A card and a set B card from the cards in their hand.
Each time a player makes a sentence, they place the two cards on the table. If a player successfully makes a sentence, the player puts the two cards aside and replaces the cards by taking one from each pile. If not, the player takes the cards back.
When a player makes a sentence, the other students may accept or challenge the sentence. If a player cannot make a sentence, they use their turn to change one of their cards. The game continues until all the cards have been matched. The student with the most pairs of cards at the end of the game is the winner. Exclusive Gerund and Infinitive Dominoes ESL EFL Matching and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 30 Minutes In this memorable dominoes game, students practice making sentences by matching verbs to gerunds or infinitives and vice-versa. Each group of four is given a set of dominoes. The students shuffle the dominoes and deal out eight each, leaving the rest in a pile face down.
The students then turn over the top domino from the pile and place it face up on the table. The first player puts a domino down either before or after the domino on the table, making sure the verb in bold matches with the gerund or infinitive, or vice-versa. The player then makes a sentence with the verb and gerund or infinitive to show the match is correct.
The next player then tries to put down one of their dominoes at either end of the domino chain and so on. If a player can't think of a sentence, makes a grammar mistake or matches the dominoes incorrectly, the player takes back the domino and play passes to the next student. If a player cannot put down one of their dominoes, they take a domino from the top of the pile and put it down if they can. If there are no dominoes left in the pile, play passes to the next student.
The first player to get rid of all their dominoes wins the game. Free Guess who it is ESL EFL Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 40 Minutes In this fun worksheet activity, students write sentences about themselves with gerunds and infinitives. Students then play a guessing game using the sentences. Each student is given a numbered worksheet. Students complete sentences 1 to 10 on their worksheet with ‘doing’ or ‘to do’, e.g. Something you enjoy doing in your free time.
Working alone, the students then respond to each item by writing a true sentence about themselves, e.g. 'I enjoy riding my mountain bike in my free time'. When everyone has finished, the worksheets are collected and then redistributed. Students then take it in turns to read out the student number and sentences on their worksheet. Students start each sentence with 'This person' and use the pronouns 'they' and 'their', e.g. 'This person enjoys riding their mountain bike in their free time'.
The other students write down the student number in their chart and listen to all the sentences. The students then try to guess the writer's identity, writing their guess next to the number in the chart. When everyone has read their sentences, students reveal their numbers. Students win one point for each correctly identified student. The student with the highest number of points wins the game.
Exclusive Tell me about. ESL EFL Reading and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 20 Minutes Here is an intriguing speaking activity to help students practice gerunds and infinitives. The students are divided into pairs (A and B) and each student is given a corresponding part of the worksheet. Student A starts by asking Student B to tell him or her about the things listed on the worksheet, e.g. 'Tell me about something you want to do in the future'. Each response Student B gives requires a gerund or infinitive in the answer.
When all the questions have been asked, the students swap roles. Afterwards, students give feedback to the class on what they found out about their partner. Free Thinking of You ESL EFL Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 25 Minutes In this worksheet activity, students play a guessing game where they complete sentences by guessing true information about a partner using gerunds and infinitives.
The class is divided into pairs (A and B) and each student is given a corresponding part of the worksheet. The students think about their partner and complete the sentences on the worksheet by guessing true information about him or her. Students must use a gerund or infinitive in each sentence. When they have finished writing, Student A starts by reading their completed sentences to Student B. Student B listens and tells their partner if the sentences are true or not. If a sentence is wrong, Student B gives the real answer.
When Student A has finished reading his or her sentences, the students swap roles. When the students have finished, they give feedback to the class on what they found out. Free This is me ESL EFL Reading, Writing and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 30 Minutes In this rewarding worksheet activity, students complete sentences about themselves using gerunds and infinitives. The students then discuss their sentences in small groups. Each student is given a copy of the worksheet. The students begin by completing sentences with true information about themselves. The students must use a gerund or infinitive in each sentence.
When they have finished writing, the class is divided into groups of three or four. The students discuss their sentences in their groups. Afterwards, students tell the class what they found out about their classmates. Exclusive True or False? ESL EFL Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking Activity - Pre-intermediate - 35 Minutes In this entertaining teaching activity, students write true and false sentences about themselves with gerunds and infinitives and then play a true or false guessing game with the sentences. Each group of four is given a set of verb cards. The students shuffle the cards and deal them out evenly.
Each student should have six cards. For each verb, the students write three sentences about themselves, one true and two false. All the verbs must be followed by a gerund or infinitive. When the students have finished writing, they take it in turns to read out their three sentences to the rest of the group. Each time three sentences are read out, the group members ask the student questions to help them decide which sentence is true. When the group members have each decided which sentence is true, the student reveals the correct answer. Students that guessed correctly win a point.
This process continues until all the sentences have been read. The student with the most points at the end of the game is the winner. Free Gerund and Infinitive Master ESL EFL Writing Activity - Intermediate - 20 Minutes Here is a useful worksheet activity to test students' knowledge of gerunds and infinitives with 'to'. Each student is given a copy of the worksheet. The students complete each sentence with the verb in brackets in its gerund or infinitive form. Afterwards, the answers are checked with the class. Students score one point for each correct answer.
Students then check their score to see how well they know gerunds and infinitives. Free My sentence about you ESL EFL Writing and Speaking Activity - Intermediate - 40 Minutes In this insightful worksheet activity, students try to write true sentences about their classmates using gerunds. Students then check if their sentences are true or not by asking questions to their classmates. Each student is given a copy of the worksheet. The students begin by writing the name of each student in the class in the first column of the worksheet. The students then try to write a true sentence about each person using the verb next to their name followed by a gerund, e.g.
'Charlie likes getting up late at the weekend'. Exchange pop3 6 0 keygen generator. When the students have finished writing, they go around the class checking if their sentences are true or not. They do this by asking questions to the classmates listed on their worksheet, e.g. 'Charlie, do you like getting up late at the weekend?' If a sentence is true, students put a tick in the last column.
If it's not true, the students put a cross. The student with the most true sentences wins. Afterwards, there is a class feedback session to see what the students found out about their classmates.